Question 5. Among the four main forms of existence of life recognized in Jainism, which one of the following is not included?

(a) Deva (gods)

(b) Yaksha (demi-gods)

(c) Manushya (humans)

(d) Tiryancha (animals and plants)

Answer: (b) Yaksha (demi-gods)

Explanation:

The Four Gatis in Jainism: According to Jainism, a soul (jiva) can be born into one of the four Gatis, or states of existence, depending on its karma. These states form part of samsara, the continuous cycle of birth, death and rebirth.

  1. Deva Gati (Heavenly Beings): A pleasurable existence as celestial beings. However, it is temporary and does not itself provide liberation from the cycle of rebirth.
  2. Manushya Gati (Human Beings): Human existence is considered especially valuable because it offers a favourable opportunity to practise self-discipline, follow Jain teachings and pursue liberation (moksha).
  3. Tiryanch Gati (Non-human Living Beings): Includes animals, birds, insects, plants and other living beings. The conditions of existence vary according to the type of being and its karma.
  4. Naraka Gati (Hellish Beings): An existence characterised by intense suffering. Like other states, it is temporary and determined by karma.

Karma and the Four Gatis: In Jain philosophy, karma is understood as subtle material matter that binds to the soul through activities influenced by passions and attachments. The type of karma associated with a soul influences its future birth and experiences. All four Gatis are temporary; none is equivalent to liberation.

Human Birth and Moksha: Jainism considers human birth particularly important because it provides the opportunity to pursue spiritual liberation through the Three Jewels (Ratnatraya):

  • Samyak Darshan: Right faith or right perception.
  • Samyak Jnana: Right knowledge.
  • Samyak Charitra: Right conduct.

The ultimate goal is moksha, liberation from karma and the cycle of birth and death. A liberated soul is free from karmic bondage and does not take birth again in any of the four Gatis.

Key point: Human birth is especially valuable in Jainism because it offers a favourable opportunity to attain moksha. Liberation requires the destruction of all karmic bondage through the path of right faith, right knowledge and right conduct.

Subject: Ancient Indian History

Topic: Buddhism and Jainism